Superficial Muscles of the Back

The superficial back muscles are situated underneath the skin and superficial fascia. They originate from the vertebral column and attach to the bones of the shoulder – the clavicle, scapula and humerus. All these muscles are therefore associated with movements of the...

Thoracic Muscles

There are eight muscles that make up and stabilize the thoracic cage: Intrinsic muscles:The intercostals: External Intercostals, Internal Intercostal (11 pairs each));Subcostals – Innermost Intercostals (12 pairs);Transversus Thoracis (1 pair).Diaphragm (1...

Intrinsic Spine Muscles

The muscles of the back can be divided into three groups – superficial, intermediate and intrinsic: Superficial: associated with movements of the shoulder.Intermediate: associated with movements of the thoracic cage.Deep: associated with movements of the vertebral...

Abdominal Wall Muscles

The abdominal wall encloses the abdominal cavity and can be divided into anterolateral and posterior sections. The abdominal wall forms a firm, yet flexible boundary which: Keeps the abdominal viscera in the abdominal cavity and assists the viscera in maintaining...

Pelvic Floor Muscles

The boundaries of the diamond or somewhat trapezoidal shaped inferior pelvic outlet are formed by the symphysis pubis in front, the coccyx behind, on each side the inferior pubic ramus and the ramus of the ischium, the ischial tuberosity and the sacrotuberous...